Understand how a designated port is determined.
To determine the designated ports on switches,the bridge ID is used. All ports of the root bridge are always designated ports. Read the full story

Understand what a VLAN is. Virtual LANs are used to break up broadcast domains in a Layer 2 switched internetwork. Read the full story

Remember the differences between MAC and Network-layer addresses. You should know that MAC addresses are assigned to a physical device’s interface. Network addresses are assigned by a protocol running on the device. Read the full story

Know how IP uses ARP.
It is important to remember how ARP is used with IP. When a host needs to know the MAC address of a local host, Read the full story

Know the different layers and their functions. Just knowing the order of the layers won’t suffice. You must have a good understanding of what function each layer provides, including its protocols and specifications. Study this information hard. Read the full story

To pass the exam, OSI knowledge is essential. You will not be able to pass the CCNA exam without a complete understanding of the OSI model and how the protocols function within it. Read the full story

Remember the parts of an IP address for each class.

You need to remember that a Class A IP address is viewed as network.node.node.node, a Class B IP address is shown as network.network.node.node, and a Class C is shown as network.network.network.node. Read the full story

Cisco considers the five conversion steps to be from data, then to segment, then to packet, then to frame, and then to bits. Let’s take a close look at the data encapsulation process. Read the full story

Now that we have discussed the benefits of segmenting the LAN and using switches or bridges to do so, let’s look at a layer 3 solution using routers to segment the network into smaller LANs. Read the full story

Interior gateway protocols (IGPs) are used to dynamically configure routers in an autonomous system (AS). Exterior gateway protocols (EGPs) are used to communicate between IGPs; one example is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Read the full story