To pass the exam, OSI knowledge is essential. You will not be able to pass the CCNA exam without a complete understanding of the OSI model and how the protocols function within it.

Key Term and Concept

OSI (Open Standards Interconnect) Reference Model
Network architectural model developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and ITU-T in 1977. Their basic purpose was to develop a data communication standard for multivendor interoper- ability. The OSI model consists of seven layers, each with different specifications.
The upper layers of the OSI model

upper layers of the OSI model

The lower or data flow layers

data flow layers

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